Blurred Gender Lines And Elizabethan Fear Of Femininity

BLURRED GENDER LINES AND ELIZABETHAN FEAR OF FEMININITY IN SHAKESPEARE In the context of modern society, the concepts of gender are blurred due to an open approach on the subjects of masculinity, femininity and all that may lie in between. However, as William Shakespeare was writing within the Elizabethan era, the lines of being masculine and being feminine were clearly determined in society, yet the cross-dressing plots in Shakespeare’s As You Like It (1599) and The Merchant of Venice (1597) illustrate how even within this time period, the identity of gender were constantly being questioned. Rosalind and Portia demonstrate the concept of cross-dressing as both disguise themselves as men in their stories and in doing so, pose questions about the validity of femininity. In The Merchant of Venice and As You Like It, cross-dressing is central to both the complication and the resolution of the plots. It is strongly evident in these plays that in an Elizabethan, as well as a modern context, the concept of gender is not a definitive way to determine place in society. By analysing how early and modern culture define gender, how this then applies to the two plays and then relating it all back to a contemporary influence illustrates how there still is blurred gender lines evident in society. MODERN AND ELIZABETHAN THEORIES OF GENDER The modern theories towards gender is a more open interpretation to previous theories which believed in a clear distinction between sex and gender.

Is Macbeth a Tragedy Free Essays

string(65) " Macbeth cannot forget about his conscience and suffers from it\." A tragedy is often thought of as a sad, pitiful event. The factors used to label an event as tragic are the consequences and the lasting effects. For example, the consequences of one or more deaths can be seen as a tragedy. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Macbeth a Tragedy? or any similar topic only for you Order Now And tragedies are often remembered long after the event, clearly impacting the future for those involved. Many people interpret events such as a natural disaster, a death of a loved one, or a permanent disability as tragic. However, others say that this definition of a tragedy is incorrect and is misused in modern conversation. The people who think this way use the word tragedy to define literature. The literary definition of the word requires more careful consideration of the character and the overall effect of the play. In this literary sense, tragedy is defined by following four characteristics: first, the story must arouse pity and fear in the audience and/or reader; second, the story must call into question the man’s relationship with God; third, the tragic figure must be capable of great suffering, be highly sensitive, and possess a tragic flaw which leads to his/her own destruction; and fourth, in the end, the character becomes aware that his own flaw has doomed him, but he is powerless to prevent his inevitable destruction. These characteristics have been used by many people to determine whether pieces of literature are considered a tragedy. For example, using these characteristics, the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare is considered a tragedy. Macbeth is a tragedy because the play has all the characteristics in the literary definition of a tragedy. Macbeth definitely arouses pity and fear in the audience/reader. The very first scene in the play instills fear in us audience members. The play opens in a wild and lonely place in medieval Scotland. Three witches enter, and in their cackling voices, they prophesize about the events that will happen in the future. For example, the witches predict that they will meet with the protagonist Macbeth â€Å"when the hurlyburly’s done, when the battle’s lost and won† (1. 1. 3-4). The witches are speaking of the civil war, which they say will end that day. They also say they will meet with Macbeth, one of the generals. These supernatural happenings start the play off with eeriness, stirring up fear in the audience. Additionally, pity is roused in the audience. The author creates sympathy for Macbeth by giving him a good quality: his courage. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is portrayed as a brave and loyal soldier who fights for his king and his country. Macbeth has â€Å"unseamed [a traitor of the king] from the nave to the chops and fixed his head upon [the] battlements† (1. 2. 24-25). When the king, named Duncan, hears this news, he describes Macbeth as a â€Å"valiant cousin! [and] worthy gentleman! † (1. 2. 26). We start to pity Macbeth from the moment he meets the witches. Once the witches have prophesized that Macbeth will become Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and King of Scotland, Macbeth begins to have dark thoughts of killing the king. However, the thought of killing the king is abhorrent to him, and the â€Å"horrid image doth unfix [his] hair and make [his] seated heart knock at [his] ribs† (1. 3. 156-157). This shows that Macbeth is very reluctant to take any action towards him becoming king. We audience members feel sorry for Macbeth as he is tempted by the prospect of becoming king but at the price of murdering a man that had been very good and generous to him. We pity Macbeth as he struggles with his morals and his conscience saying that â€Å"as [he] is [Duncan’s] kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then, as his host, [he] should†¦not bear the knife† (1. . 14-17). However, in the end, Macbeth’s â€Å"vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself and falls on the other† (1. 7. 28-29) wins and he gives in to his evil urges. So with Lady Macbeth’s urging, Macbeth murders Duncan. Before the murder, Macbeth has such a troubled conscience that he hallucinates. He sees â€Å"a dagger†¦before [him], the handle toward [his] hand† (2. 1. 42-43) leading him to Duncan. We audience members also pity Macbeth because after he does the deed, he thoroughly regrets it. He shows this by saying if he had â€Å"died and hour before this chance, [he would have] lived a blessed time† (2. . 103-104). Without a doubt, the play arouses fear and pity in the audience. In addition to arousing pity and fear in the audience, the play calls into question man’s relationship with God. At the start of the play, Macbeth’s relationship with God is good. Macbeth fought nobly and courageously for a good cause, defeating the traitor to the king. Similarly, at the end of the play, Young Siward also fights nobly and dies for a good cause, defeating Macbeth. For this reason, Young Siward is described as â€Å"God’s soldier† (5. 8. 55). Therefore, Macbeth could also be described as â€Å"God’s soldier† (5. . 55) up until he murders Duncan. As the King of Scotland, Duncan can be viewed as God. By killing Duncan, Macbeth has killed God. As a result, Macbeth has become the opposite of God, the devil. From this point on, Macbeth’s relationship with God is bad. At the scene of the murder, Macbeth could not say â€Å"Amen. † After committing a terrible crime, he â€Å"had most need of blessing, and ‘Amen’ stuck in [his] throat† (2. 2. 47-48). These events show that Macbeth’s relationship with God is questionable, which is one of the characteristics of a tragedy in literature. Another characteristic of a literary tragedy is that the tragic figure must be capable of great suffering. The tragic figure in this play is Macbeth. Macbeth certainly suffers from his conscience and guilt throughout the play. After murdering Duncan, Macbeth is so remorseful that he states that if he were â€Å"to know [his] deed, ‘twere best not know [him]self† (2. 2. 95). This means that in order for Macbeth to come to terms with what he has done, he must forget about his conscience. However, Macbeth cannot forget about his conscience and suffers from it. You read "Is Macbeth a Tragedy?" in category "Essay examples" For example, Macbeth believes that â€Å"to be thus is nothing, but to be safely thus† (3. . 52-53). He feels that being king is worthless unless his position as king is safe. Macbeth is afraid that his position is not safe, but is endangered by Banquo, whose kingly qualities make him a threat. Thus, Macbeth murders Banquo. Nevertheless, Macbeth cont inues to suffer from his conscience. When he learns that Banquo’s son Fleance has escaped from the murderers, he now becomes â€Å"cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in to saucy doubts and fears† (3. 4. 31-32). This is because the witches predicted that Banquo’s son would be a king in the future, which would put Macbeth’s position as king at risk. Macbeth’s guilt prevents him from fully enjoying his ill-gotten position as king. For example, Macbeth is visited by the ghost of Banquo. Suffering from guilt, Macbeth nearly reveals the truth that he killed Duncan. Afraid her husband will reveal too much, Lady Macbeth tells the guests that Macbeth often has these fits. When the guests start to ask questions, Lady Macbeth tells them Macbeth â€Å"grows worse and worse; question enrages him. At once, good night†¦go at once† (3. 4. 146-150). These examples of Macbeth suffering from his conscience show that Macbeth is capable of great suffering. Besides being capable of great suffering, the tragic figure must be highly sensitive. Macbeth, as the tragic figure, is portrayed as a sensitive character. From the beginning of the play, Macbeth has been sensitive. Just the horrid notion of murdering Duncan â€Å"unfix[es] [Macbeth’s] hair and make[s] [his] seated heart knock at [his] ribs† (1. 3. 156-157). Macbeth becomes even more sensitive after his terrible crime of killing the king. When Lady Macbeth orders Macbeth to take the bloodied daggers back to Duncan’s room, Macbeth replies, â€Å"I’ll go no more. I am afraid to think what I have done; Look on’t again I dare not† (2. 2. 69-71). Also after the murder, Macbeth has become sensitive to every little sound. When someone is knocking at the gate, Macbeth wonders â€Å"whence is that knocking? † and realizes that â€Å"every noise appals [him]† (2. 2. 78-79). In addition to being frightened by sounds, Macbeth is also frightened by sights. For example, when Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost, he becomes so terrified that his â€Å"cheeks [are] blanched with fear† (3. 4. 143-144). Each of these occasions demonstrates the sensitivity of Macbeth. Macbeth, the tragic figure, also possesses a tragic flaw which leads to his own destruction. Macbeth’s fatal flaw is his trust and confidence in the words of the witches. After the witches tell Macbeth that he will become Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and King of Scotland, Macbeth begins to lust for power. If he had not heard the witches’ prophesy, his â€Å"vaulting ambition† would not have â€Å"prick[ed] the sides of [his] intent† (1. 7. 27-28). Without his ambition, Macbeth would have had no reason to murder Duncan because Duncan â€Å"hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office† (1. . 18-19). Macbeth reminds himself that Duncan is such a good person and has never abused his royal powers so there is no possible reason for his murder except for Macbeth’s own driving ambition. Macbeth is ambitious and wants to become more powerful. Thus, he kills Duncan and takes the crown for himself. Next, Macbeth murders Banquo and attempts to murder Fleance because he trusts the witches’ words that Banquo â€Å"shalt get kings† (1. 3. 74), meaning that Banquo’s son Fleance will be the king in the future. The witches also tell Macbeth that â€Å"none of woman born shall harm [him]† (4. 1. 1-92) and he will never be vanquished â€Å"until Great Birnam Wood to high Dusinane Hill shall come against him† (4. 1. 107-108). Macbeth’s flaw in believing these words leads to his downfall. Macbeth, power-hungry and overconfident, considers himself invincible. However, the witches’ words have cause Macbeth to become too overconfident and he is taken by surprise when a man named Macduff, born by Caesarean section, leads soldiers disguised as â€Å"a moving grove† (5. 5. 42) to Dunsinane. Because Macbeth believed the witches in that he was invincible, he did not expect the words to have a double meaning. Consequently, Macbeth is killed by Macduff who was â€Å"from his mother’s womb untimely ripped† (5. 8. 19-20). Without a doubt, Macbeth’s trust in the words of the witches has led to his ambition and overconfidence, which, in turn, led to his own destruction. Macbeth definitely becomes aware that this flaw has doomed him, but he is powerless to prevent his inevitable destruction. He first becomes aware that his trust in witches’ words has doomed him when a messenger reports that a moving wood is coming to Dunsinane. Macbeth begins â€Å"to doubt the equivocation of the fiend† (5. . 48) and fears that the witches have tricked him. He also realizes that he is powerless to prevent his inevitable destruction. This is shown when Macbeth says â€Å"there is no flying hence nor tarrying here† (5. 5. 53) and decides to face death â€Å"with harness on [his] back† (5. 5. 57). Macbeth also become further aware of his doom when he comes across a man named Macduff who was â€Å"from his mother’s womb untimely ripped† (5. 8. 19-20) by a Caesarean section. He realizes that the â€Å"juggling fiends† have tricked him â€Å"in a double sense† (5. 8. 23-24). Macbeth’s trust in the witches leads him to believe that he is invincible, but when he discovers that the witches are not to be trusted, there is nothing he can do to prevent his destruction. Even though Macbeth knows all hope is gone, he decides to fight to the death and â€Å"will try the last† (5. 8. 37). In the end, Macbeth has been killed, and the rightful heir to the throne takes his place. These occurrences fulfill the last requirement for the play Macbeth to be a tragedy. As a result of all the characteristics being met, there is no question that Macbeth is a tragedy. The play arouses pity and fear in the audience and calls into question man’s relationship with God. The tragic figure Macbeth is capable of great suffering, is highly sensitive, and possesses a tragic flaw which leads to his destruction. And in the end, Macbeth becomes aware that his flaw has doomed him, but he is powerless to prevent his unavoidable destruction. Due to the characteristics described previously, Macbeth is definitely a tragedy. Even modern day conversationalists, who misuse the word tragedy, would have to agree that Macbeth is undeniably a literary tragedy! How to cite Is Macbeth a Tragedy?, Essay examples

Investigating Components Driving Society - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Investigating Components Driving Society? Answer: Introduction This research manages investigating the components driving society of the association and instruments. In this specific task, accentuation was given on realising the procedure that coordinates towards working unique introduction for Australian recorded organization named Woolworths Limited (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). Woolworths Limited is among one traded on an open market recorded organizations that have broad operations in retail part in Australia as well as New Zealand. Wesfarmers Limited is a retail company situated in Australia tht has operations within retail, fertilisers, chemicals, industrial, coal mining along with safety products. This retail organization involves the second position regarding income. This specific organization works in the retail business in and crosswise over Australia and New Zealand in assortment of divisions, for example, Supermarkets, domestic Improvement, Hotels and additionally Liquor along with General Merchandise. The current investigation contemplates the administration structures including assessment of adherence towards tenets and rules by breaking down General Purpose of Financial Reports for clients of money related articulations of Woolworths Limited. At the end of the day, the present investigation manages issues relating to compensation structure and additionally inside and outside controls (Zhou, Ou and Li 2016). Consequently, the present fragment disks viewing the reasonability standards and additionally a dherence to applied structure of money related revealing. This specific section of task considers the universally useful of budgetary revealing for the organization named as Woolworths Limited and Wesfarmers Limited (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). This implies the organization faces different issues particularly in the compensation report as removed from the yearly report of Woolworths Limited. This specific retail organization centres significantly around investors returns after successful arrangement of capital and in addition conveying bunch focuses overall. From monetary perspective, Woolworths Limited and key needs for 2016 is accomplishing medium-term design focuses and conveying Group coordination and collaboration targets. This organization makes procedures for fortifying the accounting report and in addition overseeing Group capital (Weil, Schipper. furthermore, Francis 2013). Current Accounting Framework meeting the needs of the users This can be done by comparing the annual report of the companies, which are as follows:- Comparison Remuneration Report Analysis of Woolworths Limited and Westfarmers Members of Woolworths Limiteds Board Committee builds up the compensation panel that is stated as People Policy Committee (Salas and Campos 2016). This advisory group is made for maintaining it within standard level and synthesis of Group Remuneration in order to gather that the plausibility and relationship of execution. It was noticed that People Policy Committee accumulates with the given prerequisites said according to ASX suggestions. To the extent Auditor Report on compensation is considered, it manages reality where Board of Directors goes for get ready and in addition exhibiting the compensation report as per Section 30A of Corporation Act for year 2001. Review report remains set up as per AAS (Australian Auditing Standards) (Uno and Bartelmus 2013). The compensation report of Wesfarmers Limited was distributed in 2016 that duplicates disillusioning execution for Woolworths Limited and certain outcomes on Executive and Employee Remuneration (Miller and Power 2013). At the end of the day, Performance of the organization relies on the critical measurements supporting whole structure of compensation. This specific compensation report shows 0.1% development before Net Profit and Tax in relationship with earlier year. Unexpectedly, compensation report show 0.7% decrease display in income each share in correlation with earlier year. In this manner, Woolworths Limited management goes for connecting with the compensation firm structures. This organization has less arrangement particularly if there should be an occurrence of here and now impetuses (Lukka and Vinnari 2014). There are different honours of Wesfarmers Limited introduce in relationship with recorded budgetary introduction and additionally chronicled maintenance rights. To the extent compensation system is concerned, it uncovers the structure and also administration of compensation for retail based organization Woolworths Limited (Lukka and Pihlanto 2014). This organization perseveres for supporting fulfilment of general business comes about transforming into conveyance potential incentive to the investors. As it were, evaluation of compensation structure for the most part contemplates offering solid establishment for working under adaptability of operations. This assistance is required in duplicating the substitute methodology for drawing in the maintenance of gifts from staff individuals (Lev and Gu 2016). Along these lines, Board and Senior Executive Group generally gangs long haul affiliation lining up with potential investors by taking thought different prerequisites of the potential in vestors On basic research, Remuneration Report of Woolworths Limited portrays the organization flopped in meeting the transient impetus design (Kravet 2014). This has occurred subsequent to survey at the execution entryway of 4% development of net benefit after duty in correlation with earlier year. Remuneration Rate Issues Short Term Decision Making IFRS 8 applied within Woolworths Limited considers working portions for distinguishing characteristics in light of interior revealing with respect to parts of the Group (Kim, Liu and Zheng 2012). This ought to be frequently looked into by Chief Operating leaders for distributing assets to the fragments for surveying the abnormal state of execution. This should be recognized by Group Executives of Wesfarmers Limited for deciding the working sections in light of inside announcing fragments. Woolworths Limited and in addition General Merchandise serves ranges, for example, attire, way of life items and in addition home product and magnificence items (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Conceptual Framework revision The reasonable Framework uncovers the points and destinations of monetary detailing that is subjective in nature for rendering valuable data (Horngren et al. 2013). At the end of the day, Conceptual Structure manages characterizing, perceiving and in addition measuring different components of monetary assertions as noted under capital and upkeep of capital. The essential point of universally useful money related revealing is putting forth monetary data to the potential agents, banks and loan specialists keeping in mind the end goal to land at specific choices. Concerned choices incorporate buy; offer and also holding of value and obligation instruments in type of advance and other credit shapes. Consequently, these organizations reports bombs in tending to all the significant data worried about potential speculators and also lenders and banks (Henderson et al. 2015). It was noticed that Woolworths Limited Statements takes after the basic prerequisites of Conceptual Framework. Asset report projections facilitates in understanding the budgetary position of the company (Hartley 2014). This announcement contemplates two wide perspectives to be specific resources and liabilities for a specific business association. This takes in thought stock, net stock, monetary liabilities and additionally immaterial resources and investors' value. According to the budgetary revelations of Wesfarmers Limited, it is proclaimed that Board permitted last profit of 72 c for every offer out of aggregate profit of 139 c in 2015. It is likewise vital to explain the way that profit statements manage critical data for potential investors of Woolworths Limited. The fundamental point of monetary report is increasing ideal FICO score. For example, SP and Moody adjust rating framework at lower level in correlation with earlier years (Gray, Adams and Owen 2014). AASB Issues Such as Lease Accounting Considering AASB, Lease accounting is orchestrated and mentioned in budgetary articulation of Woolworths Limited. This translation develops a plan where rent implies satisfaction of reliance for determined resources (Freeman et al. 2014). This plan might get accomplished for passing on right utilization of advantages. As it were, this judgment will be practiced by surveying existing provider courses of action as contained in rent bookkeeping. There have different issues recognized where the standard neglected to utilize particular resources for satisfying the supply commitments and also Group requirement. This standard authorizes stringent quality standard particularly on sourced merchandise and additionally has no influence over utilization of advantages. Along these lines, buys are estimated according to every individual request and additionally have no influence over physical access if there should arise an occurrence of provider resources (Englund and Gerdin 2014). General Purpose Financial Reports in Effective Financial Decisions Inventory Figure 1: Inventory of Woolworths Limited (Source: Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016) Figure 2: Inventory of Woolworths Limited (Source: Wesfarmerslimited.com.au. 2016) From figure above of yearly report, it has been gathered that Woolworths Limiteds closing inventory has increased by 3.8% in order to open new stores. Net investment of the company has decreased to $ 272.6 million due to variances with ensuring creditors payment within time. It results in observing competitive position of the company. Wesfarmers Limited Accounts Receivables From Woolworths Limited annual report, accounts receivables can be developed by encompassing GST amount. This indicates trade receivables was mentioned at 1001.9 in year 2015 and 965.2 in year 2014. More specifically, trade receivables was recognised at fair value and explained at amortised cost through employing interest method with subtracting impairment allowance. This is vital for Wesfarmers Limited to realise the fact that financial information users evaluate data as represented within financial reports and evaluate items for taking financial decisions. Liabilities With evaluating Woolworths Limiteds certain consolidated financial report, it generally explains certain fact that organization has total liabilities of $ 1236.3 Million. Liabilities those are not deemed to settle down within 12 months with analysing certain normal values. This explains the rate of remuneration with analysing implementation with time of settlement. In consideration to the liabilities of Wesfarmers Limited might not be evaluated within 12 months cash outflows evaluation with exceptional services for the companys employees. PPE (Plant, Property, Equipment) Figure 3: Balance Sheet of Woolworths Limited (Source: Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016) Woolworths PPE intangibles were evaluated at cost after subtracting accumulation depreciation along with amortization and accumulated impaired loss. In addition, Woolworths Limited management made great investments of $ 1535.3 in PPE for the organization opened several stores and refurbishes the remaining retail stores. This is associated with new merchandising systems purchase and distinct supply chain strategies. Leases Annual report of Woolworths Limited and Wesfarmers Limited takes into consideration lease treatment that is specified as finance leases in which contracts mention within lease obligations. This facilitates drastic risks and rewards transfer in alignment with lessee ownerships. Prudence Prudence is one of the ideas named as conservatism guideline and bookkeeping standards required by a predefined accounting for recording of liabilities and costs at the season of acknowledgment (Ballwieser et al. 2012). Conceptual Framework Conceptual Framework Updating Process Money related Statement planning considers vulnerabilities and also actualities seeing occasions and conditions, for example, collectively of suspicious receivables and additionally valuable existence of settled attest like Plant and Equipment (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). These includes a portion of instabilities which are perceived by methods for getting corporate divulgences subsequent to practicing reasonability instance of applied system. In this manner, Prudence implies the idea that is comprehensive of level of alert in path for practicing over judgment on the instability levels. Financial Reporting Advantages and Disadvantages One of the benefits of money related announcing eludes to judiciousness idea displayed in the theoretical system those aides in bringing consistency of data and also lack of bias of activities. Expansion to that, after restrictive traits and in addition deliberative misquoted figures; it is introduced in the theoretical structure (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). Conclusion Toward the finish of the investigation, it is reasoned that speculators examinations different things as introduced in monetary reports of Woolworths Limited. As such, Woolworths Limited Disclosure approaches go along as per Corporation Act in 2001 according to Listing rules of ASX listing. It is essential to see consistent divulgence arrangement for advancing the certainty level of likely financial specialists with respect to honesty and securities. The above examination shows that stock of Woolworths Limited expands because of increment number of set up stores. Subsequently, potential speculators can without much of a stretch break down the effectiveness of the organization for changing over the stock into deals amid money related basic leadership process. Speculators need to stay mindful of ventures of organization particularly if there should be an occurrence of PPE intangibles causing trade surge that assist creating benefits in the up and coming budgetary years. In this manner, the exercises specified will help in boosting the slants of potential financial specialists in positive way. Reference List Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M.J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., Feichtinger, G., Firchau, V., Fricke, F., Funke, H. and Gaynor, M., 2012. Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bonin, H., 2013. Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Braun, K.W., Tietz, W.M. and Harrison, W.T., 2013. Managerial accounting. Pearson. Cahan, S., Black, D.E., Bradbury, M.E., Malone, L., Tarca, A., Wee, M., Cheng, C.A., Hellman, N., Andersson, P., Frberg, E. and Du, F., 2016. Special Issue Articles Consequences of IFRS for capital markets, managers, auditors and standard-setters: an introduction. ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE, 56(1). Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?. Review of Accounting Studies, 18(3), pp.734-775. Collier, P.M., 2015. Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Crawford, E.R. and Lepine, J.A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), pp.32-48. Deegan, C., 2012. Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Drury, C.M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer. Emett, S.A. and Nelson, M.W., 2015. Discussion of The effect of alternative accounting measurement bases on investors assessments of managers stewardship. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 46, pp.115-118. Englund, H. and Gerdin, J., 2014. Structuration theory in accounting research: Applications and applicability. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(2), pp.162-180. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: theory and practice. JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, p.441. Gray, R., Adams, C. and Owen, D., 2014. Accountability, social responsibility and sustainability: accounting for society and the environment. Pearson Higher Ed. Hartley, W.C., 2014. An introduction to business accounting for managers. Elsevier. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015. 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